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A SELECTION OF RESEARCH AND RELATED DOCUMENTATION
List of Peer Reviewed Research
A summary of Ray Smith's monograph on the last 50 years of CES research Phoenix House pilot program (2009) with Fisher Wallace Cranial Stimulator
Phoenix House pilot program patient reports (large file, takes a few seconds to download)
Felipe Fregni (Harvard Med School) published paper (The Neuroscientist, 2009)
Neurochemical Production There are several peer-reviewed studies that demonstrate our technology’s success in treating depression, anxiety and insomnia and its ability to stimulate the production of serotonin and dopamine. Dr. Felipe Fregni (Harvard Medical School) et al. (2009) notes that several studies indicate that cranial electrical AC stimulation evoke changes in neurotransmitter and endorphin release. There has been evidence that CES evoked changes in urinary free catecholamines and 17-ketosteroids (Briones and Rosenthal 1973), increased the number of presynaptic vesicles (Kirsch and Smith 2004), and directly engage the serotonin-releasing raphe nuclei, norepinephrine-releasing locus ceruleus, and/or other structures of the brainstem (Kirsch 2002). Researchers have proposed that the mechanism(s) for CES function in the following manner: 1) by inducing synchronous changes in the brain’s activity, 2) by altering the release of synaptic vesicles, stimulating the neurotransmitter and endorphin release and/or 3) other secondary actions such as the introduction of cortical noise and peripheral craniospinal nerve stimulation. See below for relevant research citations: Briones DF, Rosenthal SH. 1973. Changes in urinary free catecholamines and 17-ketosteroids with cerebral electrotherapy (electrosleep ). Dis Nerv Syst 34:57-58 Bystritsky A, Kerwin L, Feusner J. 2008. A pilot study of cranial electrotherapy stimulation for generalized anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 69(3):412-7 Fregni F, Zaghi S, Acar M, Hultgren B, Boggio PS,. 2009. Non invasive brain stimulation with low-intensity electrical currents: Putative mechanisms of action for direct and alternating current stimulation. Neuroscientist Online December 29, 2009. Kirsch D. 2002. The science behind cranial electrotherapy stimulation. 2nd ed. Edmonton: Medical Scope Publishing Corporation. Kirsch D, Daniel L, Smith R. 2004. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation for anxiety depression, insomnia, cognitive dysfunction, and pain. In: Rosch PJ, Markov MS, editors. Bioelectromagnetic medicine. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. p727-40.
ADDITIONAL STUDIES
DRUGS & ALCHOHOL RECOVERY
GENERAL STUDIES OF CRANIAL ELECTROTHERAPY STIMULATION
OTHER LITERATURE - NOT INTENDED USE / OUR DEVICE MAY NOT BE PRESCRIBED FOR THE FOLLOWING USES
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